Validation of the subtle and blatant prejudice towards Bolivian immigrants scale in Argentina

Abstract Even though prejudice towards Bolivian immigrants is one of the main reasons for discrimination in Argentina, there is no valid measure to assess it. The aim of this study was to explore the psychometric properties of the subtle and blatant prejudice towards Bolivian immigrants scale. In addition, we tested correlations with right-wing authoritarianism, social dominance orientation, feelings towards Bolivian immigrants, and ideological self-placement. Data was collected through a convenience sample of 431 undergraduate students from Buenos Aires, with an age range from 18 to 45 years old (38.75% men and 61.25% women). Results showed adequate psychometric properties for the scale. Moreover, significant correlations between subtle and blatant prejudice and the other psychosocial variables tested were found. Implications of these findings are discussed.

Ideological Influences on Intergroup Attitudes in the Context of the Hague Court Boundary Dispute between Peru and Chile / Influencias ideológicas de las actitudes intergrupales en el contexto de la disputa fronteriza entre Perú y Chile ante la Corte de la Haya / Influências ideológicas das atitudes intergrupais no contexto da disputa fronteiriça entre Peru e Chile frente à Corte de Haia

Abstract In the context of the border dispute presented by Peru against Chile in the The Hague Court, this study analyzes the influences of two ideological motivational dimensions: Right-Wing Authoritarianism (RWA) and Social Dominance Orientation (SDO) on a set of intergroup attitudes that involve both nations. To this end, a survey study of 196 Chileans and 223 Peruvians participants was conducted. The instruments used to measure ideology and political attitudes are the following ones: RWA Scale; SDO Scale; Scale of Intergroup attitudes between Chile-Peru and specific questions on interest in the Hague litigation and willingness to fight for one's country. The results show that in the Peruvian case attitudes of belligerence and alert and a greater willingness to fight for the country are better explained by the RWA, while in the Chilean case these same attitudes are explained both by the RWA as well as the SDO. On the other hand, pacificist attitudes are explained inversely by SDO in both countries. These findings support the hypothesis that intergroup dynamics between both countries have been marked by expressed actions of a Chilean expansionism versus a Peruvian vengefulness and suggest that equalitarianism will promote attitudes toward respect and cooperation between both groups, changing the frames of expansionism and vengefulness for one of a culture of peace.

Resumo Este estudo analisa as influências de duas dimensões motivacionais ideológicas: o Autoritarismo de Direita (RWA) e a Orientação à Dominação Social (SDO) em um conjunto de atitudes intergrupais que envolvem Perú e Chile, no contexto da disputa fronteiriça apresentada pelo primeiro contra o segundo na Corte de Haia. Para isso, foi desenvolvido um estudo com 196 participantes do Chile e 223 do Peru. Os instrumentos utilizados para medir a ideologia e as atitudes políticas são os seguintes: Questionário de RWA; questionário de SDO; questionário de atitudes intergrupos entre Chile é Peru e itens de interesse na disputa ante A Haia e a vontade de lutar pelo próprio país. Os resultados mostram que, no caso peruano, as atitudes de beligerância e alerta, e uma maior disposição de lutar pelo país são explicadas pelo RWA, enquanto no caso chileno, essas mesmas atitudes são explicadas tanto pelo RWA quanto pela SDO. Por outro lado, as atitudes pacifistas são diminuidas pela SDO nos dois países. Estos resultados corroboram á hipótese da dinâmica intergrupal entre os dois países, marcada por ações explícitas do expansionismo chileno versus revanchismo peruano; os resultados também sugerem que as ideologias igualitarias poderão promover atitudes de respeito e cooperação entre os dois grupos, alterando os esquemas expansionista e revanchista para uma cultura de paz.

Resumen En el contexto de la disputa fronteriza presentada por Perú contra Chile ante la Corte de la Haya, este estudio analiza las influencias dos dimensiones motivacionales ideológicas: el Autoritarismo de Derecha (RWA) y la Orientación a la Dominancia Social (SDO) en un conjunto de actitudes intergrupales que involucran a ambas naciones. Con esta finalidad, fue desarrollado un estudio por encuestas con 196 participantes de Chile y 223 de Perú. Los instrumentos utilizados para medir la ideología y las actitudes políticas son los siguientes: Escala de RWA; Escala de SDO; Escala de actitudes intergrupales entre Chile-Perú y preguntas específicas sobre el interés en el litigio de La Haya y la disposición de luchar por el propio país. Los resultados muestran que en el caso peruano las actitudes de beligerancia y alerta, y una mayor disposición a luchar por el país son explicadas por el RWA, mientras en el caso chileno, estas mismas actitudes son explicadas tanto por el RWA como por la SDO. Por otra parte, las actitudes pacifistas son explicadas inversamente por la SDO en ambos países. Estos hallazgos corroboran la hipótesis sobre las dinámicas intergrupales entre ambos países, las cuales han estado marcadas por acciones explicitas de expansionismo chileno versus revanchismo peruano; asimismo, los resultados sugieren que el igualitarismo promovería actitudes hacia el respeto y cooperación entre ambos grupos, cambiando los esquemas expansionista y revanchista por uno de cultura de paz.

A Review on Pharmacological Properties of Christia vespertilionis

@#Commonly referred to as ‘daun rerama’, Christia vespertilionis has increased in popularity in traditional and modern medicine. This review aims to report the relevance of this plant in terms of its traditional uses, pharmacological actions, phytoconstituents, extractions methods, and identify the research gaps and future potentials. The review is conducted as per PRISMA guidelines; a database search was conducted in Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus and Google Scholar from 1996 to 2021. Results show that to date, phytochemicals such as alkaloids, flavonoids, quinones, and others have been identified, corresponding to its range of pharmacological activities that include anti-cancer, anti-malaria, and antioxidant. There have also been claims of antidiabetic activity but not supported by enough scientific evidence. Study on molecular and gene expression was still lacking. There is a good future in the research of this plant with many potential aspects to be investigated.

A identidade da nova direita brasileira em narrativas de seus militantes / The identity of the Brazilian New Right in its militants' discourse / L'identité de la Nouvelle Droite brésilienne dans les discours de ses militants / La identidad de la nueva derecha brasileña en las narrativas de sus militantes

Resumo Em 2013, no Brasil, emergem na cena política diversos agrupamentos políticos identificados com a direita política e unidos contra a esquerda e a permanência do Partido dos Trabalhadores no governo brasileiro. Este estudo investiga esse fenômeno no contexto da região Nordeste do Brasil. Seu objetivo é compreender como a militância de direita, em uma cidade média nordestina, organiza discursivamente uma identidade para si e para os grupos que elegem como antagonistas. Com o uso do método de análise de discurso, o estudo investiga transcrições de entrevistas realizadas com nove membros dessa militância. As categorias conservador, libertário e liberal foram usadas como posições de autoidentificação por esses militantes. O modo como descrevem essas categorias revela a pluralidade da direita, evidenciando as complexas relações e as contradições presentes no seu interior.

Abstract In 2013, Brazil saw the emergence of several political groups identified with right-wing politics and united against the left and the Worker's Party consecutive administration. This paper investigates the characteristics of this phenomenon in northeastern Brazil to understand how right-wing militancy discursively organizes its identity and that of groups it chooses as antagonists. Based on discourse analysis, the study analyzes transcripts of interviews conducted with nine members of this militancy. Categories such as conservative, liberal and libertarian were used by the interviewees as self-identifying positions. How they describe these categories reveals the plurality of the political right, highlighting its complexity and contradictions.

Résumé En 2013, le Brésil a vu l'émergence de plusieurs groupes politiques identifiée à la politique de droite et unis contre la gauche et l'administration du Parti des Travailleurs. Cet article étudie ce phénomène dans le nord-est du Brésil pour comprendre comment le militantisme de droite organise discursivement son identité et celles des groupes qu'ils choisit comme antagonistes. Basée sur l'analyse du discours, l'étude analyse les transcriptions d'entretiens menés avec neuf membres de ce militantisme. Les catégories telles que conservateur, libertaire et libéral ont été utilisées comme des positions d'autoidentification. La façon dont ils décrivent ces catégories révèle la pluralité de la droite, soulignant sa complexité et ses contradictions.

Resumen En 2013, varios grupos políticos surgieron en la escena política de Brasil identificados con la derecha política y unidos contra la izquierda y la permanencia del Partido de los Trabajadores en el gobierno brasileño. Este estudio investiga este fenómeno en el contexto de la región Nordeste de Brasil con el objetivo de comprender cómo la militancia de derecha, en una ciudad del Nordeste de tamaño mediano, organiza discursivamente una identidad para sí misma y para los grupos que eligen como antagonistas. Utilizando el método de análisis del discurso, este estudio analiza las transcripciones de entrevistas realizadas con nueve miembros de esta militancia. Las categorías conservador, liberal y libertario fueron utilizadas por los militantes como categorías de autoidentificación. La forma en que los militantes describen estas categorías revela la pluralidad de la derecha, destacando las complejas relaciones y contradicciones presentes dentro de ella.

A identidade da direita em narrativas de seus militantes numa universidade brasileira / The identity of the right-wing in narratives of its militants in a brazilian university / La identidad de la derecha en las narrativas de sus militantes en una universidad brasileña

Em junho de 2013, emergiram no espaço público brasileiro diferentes grupos de direita rebelados contra o Partido dos Trabalhadores, que governava o Brasil naquele momento liderando uma grande coalizão de centro-esquerda. Desde então, uma nova direita se posiciona no debate político nacional, militando nas universidades e em outros contextos institucionais e mobilizando uma retórica agressiva contra o discurso de esquerda. O objetivo deste estudo é identificar os diferentes atributos da identidade da direita formulados em narrativas de militantes de direita de uma universidade pública brasileira, as contradições no conteúdo dessa identidade e os recursos retórico-discursivos mobilizados em sua construção. Com o uso do método de análise de discurso, foram analisadas transcrições de entrevistas realizadas com nove militantes de direita, alunos de uma universidade pública nordestina. Esses militantes mencionam três grupos políticos como constituintes da direita (os conservadores, os liberais e os libertários), mas somente dois são usados como categorias de autoidentificação: os conservadores e os libertários. Atributos identitários como o apreço pela verdade, a defesa da liberdade, a desconfiança em relação às mudanças abruptas e a valorização da família e da religiosidade cristã foram afirmados como definidores da identidade da direita. Em vários momentos, no entanto, os militantes produziam enunciados que contradiziam alguns desses atributos, revelando o caráter ambíguo e contraditório do discurso da militância estudada.(AU)

In June 2013, different right-wing groups emerged in the Brazilian public space rebelling against the Partido dos Trabalhadores, which ruled Brazil at the time leading a large center-left coalition. Since then, a new right-wing has positioned itself in the national political debate, militating in universities and other institutional contexts, and mobilizing an aggressive rhetoric against the leftist discourse. This study aims to identify the different attributes of the right-wing identity formulated in the narratives of right-wing militants in a Brazilian public university, the contradictions in the content of that identity, and the rhetorical-discursive resources mobilized in its construction. We analyzed transcripts of interviews conducted with nine right-wing activists, students from a public university in the Northeast using the speech analysis method. These militants mention three political groups as constituents of the right-wing (conservatives, liberals, and libertarians), but only two are used as categories of self-identification: conservatives and libertarians. Identity attributes such as an appreciation for the truth, the defense of freedom, a distrust of abrupt changes, and the appreciation for the family and Christian religiosity were affirmed as defining the identity of the right-wing. At various times, however, the militants produced statements that contradicted some of these attributes, revealing the ambiguous and contradictory character of the studied militancy discourse.(AU)

En junio de 2013, diversos grupos de derecha rebelaban contra el Partido de los Trabajadores, que gobernaba Brasil en ese momento liderando una gran coalición de centro-izquierda. Desde entonces, una nueva derecha se ha posicionado en el debate político nacional, militante en universidades y otros contextos institucionales, y movilizando una retórica agresiva contra el discurso de izquierda. El objetivo de este estudio es identificar los diferentes atributos de la identidad de derecha formulados en las narrativas de activistas de derecha en una universidad pública brasileña, sus contradicciones y los recursos retórico-discursivos movilizados. Como método el análisis del discurso, se analizaron las transcripciones de entrevistas realizadas a nueve activistas de derecha, estudiantes de una universidad pública del Nordeste (Brasil). Estos militantes mencionaron tres grupos políticos como constituyentes de la derecha (los conservadores, los liberales y los libertarios), pero solo dos utilizan las categorías de autoidentificación: los conservadores y los libertarios. Los atributos identitarios como el aprecio a la verdad, la defensa de la libertad, la desconfianza ante los cambios bruscos y el aprecio a la familia y la religiosidad cristiana fueron considerados definitorios de la identidad de derecha. En varias ocasiones, los militantes contradijeron algunos de estos atributos, revelando el carácter ambiguo y contradictorio del discurso de la militancia estudiado.(AU)

Discovery of cockroach specimens of the genus Squamoptera (Ectobiidae: Pseudophyllodromiinae) from Okinawa, Japan, showing wing polymorphism

@# Cockroach specimens of the genus, Squamoptera were collected from the Iriomote island of Okinawa prefecture, Japan. The morphological features of the specimens were characterized as having a white band on the dorsal surface of its thorax, its tegmen reduced into a tiny scale-like structure and the hindwing was absent. Ocelli was also absent and the small compound eyes not extending to apex of the head nor to the frontal face but extend further lower than the base of the antennae. When the specimens were reared in the laboratory, besides the short wing form, the long wing form began to appear in the rearing colony. In our reproductive biological study, we observed that hatching of the ootheca from the short wing female takes about 30 days, with an average of 6.6 nymphs being hatched from one ootheca. The male to female ratio of the offspring was 36:30. However, the frequency appearance of the offspring from the ootheca of the short wing female was 98.5% short wing and 1.5% long wing form. Our specimens occasionally show body polymorphism in the form of individuals having long wings instead of the usual short one. The long wing form does not show the white band on the dorsal surface of its thorax.

Iliac ecchymosis, a valuable sign for hollow viscus injuries in blunt pelvic trauma patients / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#Pelvic fractures are characterized by high energy injuries and often accompanied with abdominal and pelvic organ injury. CT has been applied for several decades to evaluate blunt pelvic trauma patients. However, it has a certain rate of inaccurate diagnosis of abdominal hollow viscus injury (HVI), especially in the early stage after injury. The delayed diagnosis of HVI could result in a high morbidity and mortality. The bowel injury prediction score (BIPS) applied 3 clinical variables to determine whether an early surgical intervention for blunt HVI was necessary. We recently found another clinical variable (iliac ecchymosis, IE) which appeared at the early stage of injury, could be predicted for HVI. The main objective of this study was to explore the novel combination of IE and BIPS to enhance the early diagnosis rate of HVI, and thus reduce complications and mortalities.@*METHODS@#We conducted a retrospective analysis from January 2008 to December 2018 and recorded blunt pelvic trauma patients in our hospital. The inclusion criteria were patients who were verified with pelvic fractures using abdomen and pelvis CT scan in the emergency department before any surgical intervention. The exclusion criteria were abdominal CT insufficiency before operation, abdominal surgery before CT scan, and CT mesenteric injury grade being 5. The MBIPS was defined as BIPS plus IE, which was calculated according to 4 variables: white blood cell counts of 17.0 or greater, abdominal tenderness, CT scan grade for mesenteric injury of 4 or higher, and the location of IE. Each clinical variable counted 1 score, totally 4 scores. The location and severity of IE was also noted.@*RESULTS@#In total, 635 cases were hospitalized and 62 patients were enrolled in this study. Of these included patients, 77.4% (40 males and 8 females) were operated by exploratory laparotomy and 22.6% (8 males and 6 females) were treated conservatively. In the 48 patients underwent surgical intervention, 46 were confirmed with HVI (45 with IE and 1 without IE). In 46 patients confirmed without HVI, only 3 patients had IE and the rest had no IE. The sensitivity and specificity of IE in predicting HVI was calculated as 97.8% (45/46) and 81.3% (13/16), respectively. The median MBIPS score for surgery group was 2, while 0 for the conservative treatment group. The incidence of HVI in patients with MBIPS score ≥ 2 was significantly higher than that in patients with MBIPS score less than ≤ 2 (OR = 17.3, p < 0.001).@*CONCLUSION@#IE can be recognized as an indirect sign of HVI because of the high sensitivity and specificity, which is a valuable sign for HVI in blunt pelvic trauma patients. MBIPS can be used to predict HVI in blunt pelvic trauma patients. When the MBIPS score is ≥ 2, HVI is strongly suggested.

Phenotypic and genetic variation of Triatoma costalimai (Hemiptera: Reduviidae)

Abstract INTRODUCTION: We aimed to study intraspecific variation in Triatoma costalimai, a potential vector of Chagas disease present in Brazil and Bolivia. METHODS: We analyzed phenotypic (connexivum color patterns, wing morphometrics) and genetic variation (16S mtDNA) of three Brazilian T. costalimai populations. We compared 16S sequences with those of putative Bolivian T. costalimai and its sister species, T. jatai. RESULTS: Brazilian populations had different connexivum color patterns and forewing shapes. A 16S mtDNA haplotype network showed a clear separation of Brazilian T. costalimai from both T. jatai and Bolivian T. costalimai. CONCLUSIONS: We report considerable variability in T. costalimai populations.

Flight tone characterisation of the South American malaria vector Anopheles darlingi (Diptera: Culicidae)

BACKGROUND Flight tones play important roles in mosquito reproduction. Several mosquito species utilise flight tones for mate localisation and attraction. Typically, the female wingbeat frequency (WBF) is lower than males, and stereotypic acoustic behaviors are instrumental for successful copulation. Mosquito WBFs are usually an important species characteristic, with female flight tones used as male attractants in surveillance traps for species identification. Anopheles darlingi is an important Latin American malaria vector, but we know little about its mating behaviors. OBJECTIVES We characterised An. darlingi WBFs and examined male acoustic responses to immobilised females. METHODS Tethered and free flying male and female An. darlingi were recorded individually to determine their WBF distributions. Male-female acoustic interactions were analysed using tethered females and free flying males. FINDINGS Contrary to most mosquito species, An. darlingi females are smaller than males. However, the male's WBF is ~1.5 times higher than the females, a common ratio in species with larger females. When in proximity to a female, males displayed rapid frequency modulations that decreased upon genitalia engagement. Tethered females also modulated their frequency upon male approach, being distinct if the interaction ended in copulation or only contact. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This is the first report of An. darlingi flight acoustics, showing that its precopulatory acoustics are similar to other mosquitoes despite the uncommon male:female size ratio, suggesting that WBF ratios are common communication strategies rather than a physical constraint imposed by size.

Ideology, sexism, and beliefs about sexual violence in Peruvian university students and future police officers

Abstract The main objective of the present study is to establish a comparison between ideology (RWA and SDO), ambivalent sexism and beliefs about sexual violence, in a sample of Peruvian trainee from a police officer school (n = 81) and university students (n = 196). In addition, as a specific objective, it seeks to explore the relationships between the mentioned variables. The results showed significant differences between the groups at the level of the RWA (Right Wing Authoritarianism) ideological variable and the Subordination of women dimension of the Beliefs about Sexual Violence variable. Likewise, the structural model shows that the variables RWA and SDO (Social Dominance Orientation) have an impact on the dimensions of beliefs about sexual violence: Attribution of blame to women, Subordination of women and Exaggeration of women, having as mediators Benevolent and Hostile Sexism. The results show that beliefs about sexual violence in the sample of this study link to sexism and these, in turn, to ideology; however, the routes in which these beliefs are configured vary between police trainee and university students. Higher levels of RWA are observed in police trainee, an ideological indicator that, in this sample, paradoxically tends to be inversely related to sexism and beliefs about sexual violence against women that blame and subordinate them. Regarding the path of social dominance, this also directly relates to both expressions of benevolent and hostile sexism, although with greater predominance with the second, appealing to sex as a structural element on which this ideological component is established.

Resumen El presente estudio tiene como objetivo principal establecer una comparación entre la ideología (RWA y SDO), el sexismo ambivalente y las creencias sobre la violencia sexual, en una muestra de cadetes de una escuela de oficiales (n=81) y estudiantes universitarios (n=196). Además, como objetivo específico, busca explorar las relaciones entre dichas variables. Los resultados demostraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos a nivel de la variable ideológica RWA (Right Wing. Authoritarianism) y la dimensión Subordinación de la mujer de la variable Creencias sobre la Violencia Sexual. Asimismo, el modelo estructural evidencia que las variables RWA y SDO (Social Dominance Orientation) afectan las dimensiones de creencias sobre la violencia sexual: Atribución de la culpa a la mujer, Subordinación de la mujer y Exageración de la mujer teniendo como mediadores al Sexismo Benevolente y Hostil. Los resultados muestran que las creencias sobre violencia sexual en la muestra están vinculadas al sexismo y estas, a la ideología también; sin embargo, los recorridos en que estas creencias se configuran varían entre estudiantes de policía y estudiantes universitarios. En estudiantes de policía se observan niveles más altos de RWA, indicador ideológico que, en esta muestra, paradójicamente tiende a estar inversamente relacionado con el sexismo y creencias sobre la violencia sexual contra las mujeres que las culpan y subordinan. En cuanto al camino del SDO, también está directamente relacionado con expresiones de sexismo benevolente y hostil, aunque con mayor predominio con el segundo, apelando al sexo como elemento estructural sobre el que se establece este componente ideológico.

Quantum of cortico-cancellous bone safe for harvest from anterior iliac wing of pediatric patients: a finite element analysis with clinical correlation

Background: Objective was to assess the maximum quantum of cortico- cancellous bone that can be harvested from the Anterior Iliac Wing (AIW) of paediatric population.Methods: All patients reporting to the unit for the correction of bilateral cleft alveolus were included. A Computed Tomogram (CT) of the hip was recorded and the volume of cancellous bone available for harvest was assessed. Finite element model of the hip was generated using D2P and Geomagic Free form software and the impact of bone harvest on stress distribution along the anterior iliac wing was assessed by substituting the muscle forces (hip abductors and sartorius group) and was clinically correlated to volume harvested and donor site morbidities.Results: 10 patients were enrolled, 5 patients were excluded. CT volumetric evaluation revealed an average 0.5 cc to 4.7 ccof cancellous bone and 6.7 cc to 11 cc of cortical bone was available for harvest. Harvest of 50% of available graft volume was safe with minimal stress distributed along the line joining the tuberosity to the area between Antero Superior and Inferior spines (4.2 MPa at rest and 18.5 MPa at stance). The stress levels increased with increase in volume of bone harvested. Intra operatively 1.9 cc to 6.2 cc of cortico cancellous graft was harvested, which was equivalent to 60% of the graft available with no long-term morbidities.Conclusions: The volume of bone graft harvest should be restricted (up to 6 cc) to avoid long term morbidities.

Rapid detection of deformed wing virus in honeybee using ultra-rapid qPCR and a DNA-chip

Three-dimensional computed tomography evaluation of L5 pedicle screw fixation shielding by iliac wing width and height / 中国组织工程研究

BACKGROUND: Previous scholars often graded the height of iliac spine according to X-ray films. The quality of X-ray images is greatly affected by the photographic equipment and position. Simultaneously, X-ray film transforms the three-dimensional relationship between the iliac wing and the L5 pedicle into a planar relationship. The overlap of bone structure makes it difficult to identify anatomic markers. Especially, the combination with osteoporosis, calcification of paravertebral artery, and stasis of intestinal contents in the elderly will further affect the observation of bone structure on X-ray films. OBJECTIVE: To observe the degree of the entry point in L5 pedicle screw fixation shielded by the width and height of the iliac wing using the three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction technique. METHODS: According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 350 CT images of L1-S2 region were selected as the study object. All patients signed the informed consent. This study was approved by the Hospital Ethics Committee. The degree of the entry point in L5 pedicle screw fixation shielded by the width of the iliac wing in central axis layer of the horizontal axis was analyzed using the three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction technique and divided into levels 0, I, II, and III. The degree of the entry point in L5 pedicle screw fixation shielded by the height of the iliac wing in central axis layer of the oblique sagittal plane was analyzed and also divided into levels 0, I, II, and III. Level 0 indicates that the entry point of L5 pedicle screw is not shielded by the iliac wing, and levels I, II, and III indicate increasing degrees of entry point of L5 pedicle screw shielding by the iliac wing. The difference in the effect of width and height of the iliac wing on the shielding degree of entry point in L5 pedicle screw was compared between males and females. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) In 80.0% of patients (280/350), the entry point of L5 pedicle screw was not shielded by the width of the iliac wing. In 20.0% (70/350) of patients, the entry point of L5 pedicle screw was shielded by the width of the iliac wing. In all, 27.3% (49/179) were male, including 27 with level I shielding, 14 with level II shielding, and 8 with level III shielding; 12.3% (21/171) were female, including 12 with level I shielding, 7 with level II shielding, and 2 with level III shielding. (2) In 80.6% (68/350) of patients, the entry point of L5 pedicle screw was not shielded by the height of the iliac wing. In 19.4% (68/350) of patients, the entry point of L5 pedicle screw was shielded by the height of the iliac wing. In all, 24.0% (43/179) of these patients were male, including 23 cases with level I shielding, 16 cases with level II shielding, and 4 with level III shielding; 14.6% (25/171) were female, including 13 with level I shielding, 8 with level II shielding, and 4 with level III shielding. (3) The degree of entry point of L5 pedicle screw shielding by the width of the iliac wing on the horizontal axis was not exactly the same as that of the height of the iliac wing on the sagittal axis of the L5 pedicle screw in the same patient. In this study, there were 70 patients with wide iliac wings and 68 patients with high iliac wings; the degrees of shielding by the width and height of the iliac wing were the same in 35 cases and different in 44 cases. (4) The degree of entry point of L5 pedicle screw shielding by the width and height of the iliac wing was greater in males than in females. (5) The results confirmed that the incidence of entry point of L5 pedicle screw shielding by the iliac wing width and height was 20.0% and 19.4%, respectively. The degree of entry point of L5 pedicle screw shielding by the width and height of the iliac wing was greater in males than females. The degree of entry point of L5 pedicle screw shielding by the iliac wing width along the horizontal axis was not completely consistent with that of L5 pedicle screw shielding on the oblique sagittal plane. It is of great significance to evaluate the relationship between iliac wing and L5 pedicle screw entry point by three-dimensional computed tomography reconstruction before operation for improving the safety of L5 pedicle screw placement and decision-making of operation.

Morphological differences in a population of Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis, Statius Müller, 1776) (Passerine, Emberizidae) at different elevations in the Tropical Andes / Diferencias morfologicas en una poblacion de Copetón (Zonotrichia capensis, Emberizidae) a diferente altitud en los Andes tropicales

Abstract Populations that breed along steep elevation gradients show diverse physiological and morphological changes in response to the different environmental conditions. The latter has been discussed by Bergmann's and Allen's ecogeographic rules about body and appendage sizes and environmental temperature. We compared morphometric measures (mass, bill width, tarsus, wing, and tail length) of a Zonotrichia capensis population in two localities at different elevations with similar latitudes and photoperiods on the western slope of the Colombian Central Andes. We compared a Low Elevation locality (LE) at 1800 m a.s.l. and a High Elevation locality (HE) at 3853 m a.s.l. that have approximate wind speeds of 1.3 m/s and 8.4 m/s, respectively. During 12 months of sampling, we captured 46 adults using mist-nets; 26 in the LE and 20 in the HE. Each individual was sexed using molecular techniques at the Laboratory of Genetics of the Department of Biological Sciences of Universidad de Caldas. Individuals (males + females) from the HE had longer wings and tails than those from the LE (F1,44 = 5.93; P = 0.019). Also, wings of males in the HE were longer than those of females in both localities and tails of males in the HE were longer than those of LE males. Our results did not agree with what was expected according to Allen's and Bergmann's ecogeographic rules. Longer wings and tails increase sustainment, maneuverability, and balance in low atmospheric pressures and strong air currents and these conditions are found at high elevation habitats. Most likely, the longer wings found for HE males allow greater movement during territorial behavior. Further, these differences in morphological traits along elevational gradients could result from micro-evolutionary changes between localities or phenotypic plasticity of individuals exposed to different environmental conditions.

Resumen Las poblaciones que se reproducen en gradientes altitudinales, adoptan diversos cambios morfológicos para afrontar las condiciones ambientales. En el presente estudio se compararon las medidas morfológicas (peso corporal, longitud del tarso, ala, cola y culmen) de una población de Zonotrichia capensis, a diferente altitud en los Andes colombianos. Las localidades de tierra baja (TB) y alta (TA) se encuentran a 1800 m.s.n.m. y 3853 m.s.n.m., con velocidad aproximada del viento de 1.3 m/s y 8.4 m/s, respectivamente. Durante 12 meses se realizó la captura de 46 individuos (TB n=26, TA n=20) para la medición de los rasgos morfológicos. La longitud del ala de los individuos de TA fue mayor que en TB. Así mismo, en machos de TA la longitud del ala fue mayor que en hembras en general. Es posible que a las más grandes incrementen la eficiencia del vuelo en zonas ventosas y con baja presión atmosférica, como ocurre en TA. Probablemente la diferencia del tamaño del ala entre los machos de TA y las hembras, se deba a un mayor desplazamiento dentro de la conducta territorial. Estas diferencias podrían ser el resultado de cambios microevolutivos entre localidades o la plasticidad fenotípica de individuos expuestos a diferentes condiciones ambientales.

Infestation index of Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) in small fruit in southern Brazil / Índice de infestação de Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae) em pequenas frutas no sul do Brasil

The spotted-wing drosophila, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, is considered the main insect pest of small fruit in the world. Identifying susceptible hosts is essential to develop management strategies. The aim of this study was to verify the level of D. suzukii infestation in blackberry, blueberry, strawberry, cattley guava and Surinam cherry fruits cultivated in the southern region in Brazil, and to determine the infestation index (II) per fruit. The studies were carried out during two harvests (2015/16 and 2016/17) in three areas with organic cultivation of small fruit. The highest level of D. suzukii natural infestation was observed in blackberry (40 to 65% infestation), and strawberry (approximately 30% infestation) fruits. In contrast, blueberries were less preferred (< 7% infestation). For native fruit of the region (cattley guava and Surinam cherry), it was also verified infestation of the fly, demonstrating they are hosts for multiplication in the off-season periods of the other crops. In relation to II, blackberry and Surinam cherry provided a higher average number of insects per gram of fruit (≈ 1.6 adults of D. suzukii). In contrast, blueberries and cattley guava had the lowest insect ratio per gram of fruit (≈ 0.7 adults per gram). The period between late spring to mid-autumn was considered ideal for the pest occurrence in the field. The knowledge of natural infestation levels is essential for understanding the behavior of the pest in the field, which will assist in the design of management strategies.(AU)

A drosófila-da-asa-manchada, Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, é considerada o principal inseto-praga de pequenos frutos no mundo. A identificação de hospedeiros suscetíveis é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar o nível de infestação de D. suzukii em frutos de amoreira-preta, mirtileiro, morangueiro, araçazeiro e pitangueira cultivados na região no sul do Brasil e determinar os índices de infestação (II) por fruto. Os estudos foram realizados durante duas safras (2015/16 e 2016/17) em três áreas com cultivo orgânico de pequenas frutas. O maior nível de infestação natural de D. suzukii foi observado em amora-preta (40 a 65% de infestação) e morango (aproximadamente 30% de infestação). Em contraste, o mirtilo foi menos preferido (< 7% de infestação). Para as frutas nativas da região (araçá e pitanga), também ocorreu infestação da mosca, demonstrando serem hospedeiros potenciais para a multiplicação da praga nos períodos de entressafras. Em relação ao II, amoras e pitangas proporcionaram um maior número médio de insetos por grama de fruto (≈ 1,6 adultos de D. suzukii). Por outro lado, mirtilos e araçás apresentaram a menor relação de insetos emergidos por gramas de frutos (≈ 0,7 adultos por grama). O período entre final da primavera até meados do outono foi considerado ideal para a ocorrência da praga no campo. O conhecimento dos níveis de infestação natural é fundamental para o entendimento do comportamento da praga no campo, o que auxiliará no delineamento de estratégias de manejo.(AU)

El pensamiento filosófico de izquierda ante la ideología: una lectura desde la obra de Luis Villoro / Leftist philosophical thought on ideology: a reading on the Luis Villoro's work / O pensamento filosófico da esquerda ante a ideologia: uma leitura desde a obra de Luis Villoro

Resumen Este artículo tiene por objetivo reflexionar cómo el pensamiento de izquierda de Luis Villoro hace frente a la ideología. Para Villoro, la izquierda es una "postura moral" que irrumpe y cuestiona lo que ha sido instituido a través de la imposición. Por ideología entiende una creencia falsa e injustificada al servicio de intereses particulares. Se realizó un análisis crítico de los textos del autor que abordan de manera expresa los conceptos de ideología e izquierda. El método llevado a cabo responde a los componentes que estructuran el tipo de investigación teórica. Como resultado se tiene que una de las principales formas ideológicas que Villoro cuestiona es la ciencia, que desemboca en cientificismo. Frente al discurso de la ciencia en tanto ideología, Villoro antepone la sabiduría como experiencia transmisible. Luego, de cara al poder y el dominio, dos acciones que dan consistencia a la ideología: la razón de la izquierda como pensamiento y perspectiva política, el reconocimiento del otro como estrategia a la dominación y la necesidad humana como horizonte, constituyen categorías de análisis que convergen en lo que puede entenderse como un hacer frente a la ideología.

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to reflect on how the leftist thinking of Luis Villoro confronts Ideology. According to Luis Villoro, the left is a "moral stance" that overruns and questions what has been established through imposition. As for Ideology, he understands it as a false and unjustified belief at the service of private interests. In order to accomplish this goal, a critical analysis was carried out on texts produced by the author dealing specifically with the ideas of Ideology and The Left. The methodology applied responds to the components that form a theoretical research. As a result, it is possible to see that one of the main ideological forms questioned by Villoro is Science, which leads to Scientificism. Facing the discourse of Science as Ideology, Villoro gives preference to wisdom as transferable experience. Later on, when dealing with power and control, two actions that provide consistency to ideologies: reason in the left-wing as political thought and perspective, and the recognition of others as strategy towards control and human need as a horizon, constitute the different analysis categories that converge in what could be understood as a way to face an ideology.

Resumo Este artigo tem o objetivo de refletir de como o pensamento da esquerda do Luis Villoro lida com a ideologia. Para o Villoro, a esquerda é uma "postura moral" que quebra e questiona o que tem sido instituído através da imposição. Pela ideologia entende uma crença falsa e injustificada ao serviço de interesses particulares. Realizou-se uma análise crítica dos textos do autor que abordam de maneira expressa os conceitos da ideologia e da esquerda. O método realizado responde aos componentes que estruturam o tipo de pesquisa teórica. Como resultado tem-se que uma das principais formas ideológicas que o Villoro questiona é a ciência, o que leva em cientificismo. Frente ao discurso da ciência em tanto a ideologia, o Villoro antepõe a sabedoria como experiência transmissível. Logo, de frente ao poder e o domínio, dois ações que dão consistência à ideologia: a razão da esquerda como pensamento e perspectiva política, o reconhecimento do outro como estratégia à dominação e a necessidade humana como horizonte, constituem categorias de análise que convergem no que pode se entender como um fazer frente à ideologia.

Asociación entre la morfología alar y el uso del hábitat en seis especies de palomas (Columbidae) neotropicales

Los factores biomecánicos, el comportamiento e historia natural de las especies pueden influenciar la forma y dimensión del ala en las aves. Por lo tanto, la morfología de las alas de cada especie podría estar adaptada al ambiente en el que habitan. En palomas (familia Columbidae) existe un gradiente de especies que tienden a volar mucho y otras que vuelan muy poco. El objetivo de esta investigación es determinar si la forma de las alas de seis especies de palomas se asocia con su capacidad de vuelo. Predecimos que las especies Patagioenas flavirostris y P. nigrirostris que tienden a volar largas distancias presentan alas relativamente largas y puntiagudas; mientras que Geotrygon montana que se desplaza principalmente caminando presenta alas relativamente anchas y redondeadas. Especies con capacidad de vuelo intermedio (Leptotila verreauxi, L. cassini y Zenaida asiatica) van a presentar alas con características intermedias. Estimamos la carga alar, proporción de la forma, conicidad alar, largo relativo y el área alar promedio para cada especie. Realizamos un análisis discriminante para determinar cuál combinación de variables explica mejor la diferencia morfológica de las alas entre las seis especies y probamos que tan robusto es este modelo mediante una prueba binomial. El modelo clasificó correctamente el 57 % de los individuos en su propia especie. Por lo tanto, encontramos que el tipo de desplazamiento predominante en cada una de las seis especies de Columbidae analizadas, se asocia con la morfología alar: alas adaptadas para vuelos en zonas abiertas en P. flavirostris y P. nigrirostris, alas adaptadas para vuelos muy maniobrables en hábitats densos en G. montana, y alas con características intermedias en L. verreauxi, L. cassini y Z. asiatica.

Biomechanics, behavior, and natural history influence wing dimension and shape. Wing design often correlates with features of the habitat in which each species is found. Doves and pigeons (Columbidae family) range from long-distance fliers (e.g., canopy and open area species) to very short-distance fliers (e.g., species adapted to dense understory forests) and such variation makes this group fit to test the association between flying habits and wing morphology. Our objective in this study is to determine whether the wing morphology (shape and dimensions) of six dove species is associated to their flying capability. We predict that the long-distance fliers Patagioenas flavirostris and P. nigrirostris will have long and sharp wings; while the very short-distance flier Geotrygon montana will have broad and rounded wings. Other species (e.g., Leptotila verreauxi, L. cassini and Zenaida asiatica) whose flying capability fits in between these two will have wings with intermediate morphological features. We measured the wing disc loading, shape ratio, the ratio of mean to maximum wing chord, relative wing length, and wing area for each species. We conducted a discriminant function analysis to compare which variables explain better the differences in wing morphology across the six species, and used a binomial test to evaluate the power of the model. The model correctly classified 57 % of individuals within their own species. The flying capability is associated with the wing morphology of the six Columbidae species; with a wing design for long-distance fliers in P. flavirostris and P. nigrirostris, wing design for maneuvering in dense habitats in G. montana, and wings with an intermediate design in L. verreauxi, L. cassini and Z. asiatica.

Finite element analysis of fixation of U-shaped sacral fractures / 生物医学工程学杂志

Finite element method (FEM) was used to investigate the biomechanical properties of three types of surgical fixations of U-shaped sacral fractures. Based on a previously established and validated complete lumbar-pelvic model, three models of surgical fixations of U-shaped sacral fractures were established: ① S1S2 passed through screw (S1S2), ② L4-L5 pedicle screw + screw for wing of ilium (L4L5 + IS), and ③ L4-L5 pedicle screw + S1 passed through screw + screw for wing of ilium (L4L5 + S1 + IS). A 400 N force acting vertically downward, along with torque of 7.5 N·m in different directions (anterior flexion, posterior extension, axial rotation, and axial lateral bending), was exerted on the upper surface of L4. Comparisons were made on differences in separation of the fracture gap and maximum stress in sitting and standing positions among three fixation methods. This study showed that: for values of separation of the fracture gap produced by different operation groups in different positions, L4L5 + S1 + IS was far less than L4L5 + IS and S1S2. For internal fixators, the maximum stress value produced was: L4L5 + IS > L4L5 + S1 + IS > S1S2. For the intervertebral disc, the maximum stress value produced by S1S2 is much larger than that of L4L5 + S1 + IS and L4L5 + IS. In a comprehensive consideration, L4L5 + S1 + IS could be prioritized for fixation of U-shaped sacral fractures. The objective of this research is to compare the biomechanical differences of three different internal fixation methods for U-shaped sacral fractures, for the reference of clinical operation.

Influence of the SmartClip self-ligating bracket on plaque control in orthodontic patients / 口腔疾病防治

Objective@#To explore the influence of the SmartClip self-ligating bracket and traditional metal bi-wing brackets on plaque control and to provide a reference for the oral healthcare of orthodontic patients.@*Methods@#The patients were divided into the SmartClip self-ligating bracket group, the metal bi-wing bracket group, and the control group, consisting of untreated volunteers, and the patients were examined before treatment, 1 month after the treatment started, 3 months after the treatment started, and when the treatment ended. The oral hygiene status was recorded at four time points, and the plaque index of the following six teeth was compared among the time points: the upper-right central incisor (UR1), the lower-left central incisor (LL1), the upper-right first molar (UR6), the lower-left first molar (LL6), and the upper left canine (UL3) and the lower-right canine (LR3).@*Results@#Compared with before treatment, after first month, third month and end of treatment the plaque index of LL1, LR3, LL6 and UR6 in both the SmartClip self-ligating bracket group and the traditional metal bi-wing bracket group was increased, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in PLI index between the end of treatment and 3 months after orthodontic treatment (P > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in PLI index in the control group at each time period (P > 0.05). After three months of orthodontic treatment, the plaque index of LL1 and LR3 in the SmartClip self-ligating bracket group was higher than that in the traditional metal bi-wing bracket group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05).@*Conclusion@#Lower anterior and posterior areas are susceptible to plaque accumulation in treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. The SmartClip self-ligating bracket system has no advantage over the traditional metal bi-wing bracket in terms of oral hygiene.

A Morphometric Study On Foramen Ovale

Introduction: Variation of Skull base foramina always found to be associated with nervous and vascularmalformations manifested by various clinical symptoms. The foramen ovale is an opening present in the posteriorpart of greater wing of sphenoid which transmits mandibular nerve, accessory meningeal artery, lesser petrosalnerve and emissary vein. The aim of the present study is to do morphometric measurements of the foramen ovaleand also to study any variation in shape, number and find out the presence of pterygoalar bar.Materials and Method: The study was conducted on 111 adult dry skulls(222 sides) in Department of Anatomy,ACS Medical college, Chennai. Variations in size , shape and number were noted.Results: The most frequent shape observed was oval (68.46%) followed by D- shaped (15.31%) , round (8.55%) ,almond(5.85%) and slit (0.9%). The mean length of foramen ovale found to be 7.57 mm on the right side and 7.39mm on the left side. The mean width of foramen ovale observed to be 4.28 mm on the right side and 4.57 mm onthe left side.Variations such as absent and duplicated foramen ovale, spine projecting from the margin offoramen and pterygoalar bar medial to foramen ovale were also observed.Conclusion: The present study on morphometric measurements of foramen ovale has immense anatomical,clinical, diagnostic and surgical importance in case of fine needle aspiration technique in perineural spread oftumour and in trigeminal neuralgia.